Engineers of Victory
The Problem Solvers Who Turned the Tide in the Second World War
by Paul Kennedy
Random House
Paul Kennedy has not been afraid to paint with a broad brush. He co-teaches a famous course at Yale called "Studies in Grand Strategy." He first became known to the general public 25 years ago for writing "The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers," which argued that empires fail when they become overcommitted, suffering from "imperial overstretch."
The best-selling book was seen as a cautionary tale for the United States, then in the midst of one of its periodic declinist agonies (the rising power in those days was Japan). With the fall of the Soviet Union and the emergence of America as the sole superpower in the 1990s, Kennedy's gloomy warning seemed premature. Today, as Americans spend themselves ever deeper into debt, it might be prescient after all.
AP
A revolutionary British engine helped power long-range P-51 Mustang fighters.
Kennedy's new book is, as he might put it, more "nuts and bolts" than grand sweep."Engineers of Victory" is about the vital importance of people and processes in executing grand strategy. In this valuable addition to the very long shelf of recent books about World War II, Kennedy looks at the 18 months before the D-Day invasion in June 1944.
Most historians assume that once the Allied leaders, meeting at Casablanca in North Africa in January 1943, decided to go for unconditional surrender against Germany, Italy and Japan, victory was only a matter of time; eventually, the material strength of the United States would grind down all foes.
Not so, or at least not inevitably, argues Kennedy, the J. Richardson Dilworth professor of history at Yale. As he walks the reader through the critical breakthroughs required to achieve such daunting tasks as attacking an enemy shore thousands of miles from home, Kennedy colorfully and convincingly illustrates the ingenuity and persistence of a few men who made all the difference.
In the winter of 1943, the allies were losing the Battle of the Atlantic. Thanks to the ravages of Germany's U-boats on Allied shipping, Britain was importing one-third fewer goods than in 1939. Far from building an invasion force to liberate Europe, Britain faced mass malnutrition. True, British intelligence had broken the Germans' Enigma code, allowing the Royal Navy to better track Hitler's undersea wolf packs. But German intelligence had also broken Allied codes, enabling the U-boats to find the vulnerable convoys.
Innovation was the answer. Someone had the bright idea to replace a bomb bay with an extra fuel tank in the B-24 bomber, stretching the range of Allied air cover. Someone else invented a homing torpedo, called the Fido, to chase down U-boats.
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